In the past few years, I did some in-depth research and analysis on many popular DNS tunneling tools [1] including DNS2TCP [2], TCP-over-DNS, OzymanDNS, Iodine, SplitBrain, DNScat-P/DNScat2, DNScapy, TUNS, PSUDP, YourFreedom etc. Although most DNS Tunneling tools are implemented in different languages and/or may have different features and settings, they share the same concept and achieve the same goal, which is trying to bypass the traditional IPS or firewall inspection and network security policy to reach the Internet. They can do data exfiltration by relaying TCP connections over DNS, which is hard to detect and block. ![]() In this blog, I will show my work on one of the, DNS2TCP, to explain how DNS tunneling works and analyze its network traffic pattern/behaviors. DNS2TCP is one of data exfiltration tools that supports SSH, SMTP, POP and other TCP connections over DNS protocol. 1 DNS2TCP Test-bed Setup 1.1 How DNS2TCP works Like most tunneling technologies, DNS2TCP requires a public domain which can be used for the DNS tunneling. Dns Tunneling Software![]() Once a public domain is configured and DNS2TCP software is installed, we can start DNS2TCP tool to run SSH/POP/SMTP or any other applications. Figure 1 shows the detailed steps on how DNS2TCP works. A simple article that explains how DNS tunneling works, side effects and some suggestion to block it. • Start DNS2TCP client from the laptop (in our setup, the IP address is 192.168.212.71), which has a default DNS server configuration (in our setup, the IP address is 192.168.212.11). When a user configures the DNS2TCP and starts an SSH session, the DNS2TCP client software will encapsulate SSH payloads into multiple subdomains on the pre-configured public tunneling domain and send these DNS subdomain requests to DNS server. • Most domains can be resolved by DNS server without any issue, but for the DNS tunneling domain, (in our setup, I am using a fake domain, dns2tcp.tunnel.srt.blox), the DNS server cannot resolve them and will forward the request to the DNS2TCP server (the IP address is 192.168.212.81). • The DNS2TCP server receives the DNS request, decapsulates the payload, and uses as a proxy to connect to the Internet resource. In our testbed, I setup an SSH server (192.168.212.91) as Internet resource. • Then Internet resource responds to the request and sends the payload to the DNS2TCP server.
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